Gene Details:

• Gene ID: AT2G31400
• Gene Symbol: GUN1
• Gene Name: genomes uncoupled 1
• Description: s uncoupled 1;(source:Araport11)
• TAIR Accession: locus:2061310
• Genome: Araport11_genome_release
• Species: Arabidopsis thaliana

Transcripts:

• AT2G31400.1     AT2G31400.2

Plant Ontology Annotations:

• PO:0000037  — shoot axis apex — ápice del epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact), シュート頂、茎頂 (Japanese, exact)
• PO:0008019  — leaf lamina base — base de la lámina de la hoja (Spanish, exact), 葉身基部 (Japanese, exact)
• PO:0009005  — root — raíz (Spanish, exact), radices (exact, plural), radix (exact), 根 (Japanese, exact), aerial root (narrow), climbing root (narrow)
• PO:0009006  — shoot system — sistema de epiblasto (epiblastema) (Spanish, exact), シュート系、苗条系 (Japanese, exact), Poaceae crown (related), shoot (related), thalli (related), thallus (related), tree crown (narrow)
• PO:0009009  — plant embryo — embrión (Spanish, exact), 植物胚 (Japanese, exact), germ (related), embryo (broad)
• PO:0009025  — vascular leaf — foliage leaf (exact), hoja vascular (Spanish, exact), leaf, vascular (exact), vascular leaves (exact, plural), 維管束のある葉, または維管束植物の葉 (Japanese, exact), crozier (related), macrophyll (related), megaphyll (related), ascidia (narrow), ascidium (narrow), fiddlehead (narrow), frond (narrow), needle-like leaf (narrow), pitcher (narrow), pitcher blade (narrow), pitcher-blade (narrow), scale-like leaf (narrow), sterile frond (narrow), trophophyll (narrow)
• PO:0009029  — stamen — estambre (Spanish, exact), 雄蕊 (Japanese, exact), Poaceae stamen (narrow), Zea stamen (narrow)
• PO:0009031  — sepal — sépalo (Spanish, exact), がく片 (Japanese, exact)
• PO:0009046  — flower — flor (Spanish, exact), 花 (Japanese, exact), floret (related), Asteraceae floret (narrow), basal flower (narrow), double flower (narrow), hermaphrodite flower (narrow), monoclinous flower (narrow), perfect flower (narrow)
• PO:0009052  — inflorescence flower pedicel — 小花柄 (Japanese, related), pedicelo (Spanish, broad)
• PO:0020030  — cotyledon — cotiledón (Spanish, exact), seed leaf (exact), 子葉 (Japanese, exact)
• PO:0020038  — petiole — pecíolo (Spanish, exact), 葉柄 (Japanese, exact)
• PO:0020100  — hypocotyl — hipocótile (Spanish, exact), 胚軸 (Japanese, exact)
• PO:0020137  — leaf apex — ápice de la hoja (Spanish, exact), 葉先 (Japanese, exact), leaf lamina apex (narrow), phyllid apex (narrow)
• PO:0025022  — collective leaf structure — estructura colectiva de hoja (Spanish, exact), leaf series (exact), 葉が集まった構造 (Japanese, exact), leaf whorl (narrow), rosette (narrow), cycle (broad), verticil (broad)
• PO:0025281  — pollen — polen (Spanish, exact), pollen grain (exact), 花粉 (Japanese, exact)
• PO:0000084  — plant sperm cell — célula espermática o esperma (Spanish, exact), male gamete (exact), microgamete (exact), 植物精子細胞 (Japanese, exact), sperm nucleus (related), sperm cell (broad)
• PO:0025195  — pollen tube cell — célula del tubo polínico (Spanish, exact), 花粉管細胞 (Japanese, exact)

Gene Ontology:

• GO:0009507  — located in — chloroplast
• GO:0010019  — involved in — chloroplast-nucleus signaling pathway
• GO:0009507  — is active in — chloroplast
• GO:0010019  — acts upstream of or within — chloroplast-nucleus signaling pathway
• GO:0031930  — involved in — mitochondria-nucleus signaling pathway
• GO:0031930  — acts upstream of or within — mitochondria-nucleus signaling pathway
• GO:0003677  — enables — DNA binding

Germplasm Phenotype:

• CS72518  — presence of chlorophyll-deficient seedlings
• CS72519  — insensitive to high light
• CS72520  — Seedlings are light sensitive and have low survival rates.
• CS72521  — Seedlings are light sensitive and have low survival rates.
• gun1-1  — Defective in greening after a prolonged period of dark growth. Defective in coupling nuclear and plastidic gene expression, and in establishing photoautotrophic growth.
• gun1-1  — Express nuclear-encoded Lhcb and RbcS transcripts in the absence of chloroplast development.
• gun1-1 gun4-1  — Accumulate the same levels of chlorophyll as gun4-1.
• gun1-1 gun4-1  — Strong enhancements of the gun phenotype: Lhcb1*2-GUS expression in the double mutants was ~fivefold higher than the single mutants and was about 11-17% of that observed in nonphotobleached wild-type plants. The endogenous Lhcb1 mRNA levels were also derepressed synergistically in the double mutants.
• gun1-1 gun4-1 gun5-1  — The homozygous progeny is albino.
• gun1-1 gun5-1  — Accumulate the same levels of chlorophyll as gun5-1.
• gun1-1 gun5-1  — Strong enhancements of the gun phenotype: Lhcb1*2-GUS expression in the double mutants was ~fivefold higher than the single mutants and was about 11-17% of that observed in nonphotobleached wild-type plants. The endogenous Lhcb1 mRNA levels were also derepressed synergistically in the double mutants.

Function-related keywords:

• shoot axis apex ,  leaf lamina base ,  root ,  shoot system ,  plant embryo ,  vascular leaf ,  stamen ,  sepal ,  flower ,  inflorescence flower pedicel ,  cotyledon ,  petiole ,  hypocotyl ,  leaf apex ,  collective leaf structure ,  pollen ,  plant sperm cell ,  pollen tube cell ,  pollen

Literature:

• An intracellular signal transduction pathway between the chloroplast and nucleus is involved in de-etiolation.   DOI:  10.1104/pp.112.4.1465 ;  PMID:  8972595
• Signal transduction mutants of Arabidopsis uncouple nuclear CAB and RBCS gene expression from chloroplast development.   DOI:  10.1016/0092-8674(93)90459-4 ;  PMID:  7690685
• Interactions between hy1 and gun mutants of Arabidopsis, and their implications for plastid/nuclear signalling.   DOI:  10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00936.x ;  PMID:  11135121
• Inactivation of the chloroplast ATP synthase gamma subunit results in high non-photochemical fluorescence quenching and altered nuclear gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana.   DOI:  10.1074/jbc.M308435200 ;  PMID:  14576160
• Novel and stress-regulated microRNAs and other small RNAs from Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1105/tpc.104.022830 ;  PMID:  15258262
• The nuclear genes Lhcb and HEMA1 are differentially sensitive to plastid signals and suggest distinct roles for the GUN1 and GUN5 plastid-signalling pathways during de-etiolation.   DOI:  10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02243.x ;  PMID:  15546351
• Mutations in CHLOROPLAST RNA BINDING provide evidence for the involvement of the chloroplast in the regulation of the circadian clock in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03160.x ;  PMID:  17617174
• Transcriptome analyses show changes in gene expression to accompany pollen germination and tube growth in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1104/pp.108.126375 ;  PMID:  18775970
• Genes of the most conserved WOX clade in plants affect root and flower development in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1186/1471-2148-8-291 ;  PMID:  18950478
• Identification, cloning and characterization of sis7 and sis10 sugar-insensitive mutants of Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1186/1471-2229-8-104 ;  PMID:  18854047
• Signals from chloroplasts converge to regulate nuclear gene expression.   DOI:  1140516 ;  PMID:  17395793
• Plastid signals that affect photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana are dependent on GENOMES UNCOUPLED 1 and cryptochrome 1.   DOI:  10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02729.x ;  PMID:  19140931
• Coordination of plastid protein import and nuclear gene expression by plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling.   DOI:  10.1104/pp.109.145987 ;  PMID:  19726569
• The plastid hexokinase pHXK: a node of convergence for sugar and plastid signals in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1016/j.febslet.2010.07.024 ;  PMID:  20650273
• The Arabidopsis plastid-signalling mutant gun1 (genomes uncoupled1) shows altered sensitivity to sucrose and abscisic acid and alterations in early seedling development.   DOI:  10.1093/jxb/erq186 ;  PMID:  20605896
• New evidence for the signaling role of tetrapyrroles in mature Arabidopsis plants.   DOI:  10.1016/j.jplph.2010.10.016 ;  PMID:  21216024
• Plastid signals confer Arabidopsis tolerance to water stress.   DOI:  NA ;  PMID:  21476436
• Timing the switch to phototrophic growth: a possible role of GUN1.   DOI:  10.4161/psb.6.4.14900 ;  PMID:  21673514
• Mg-protoporphyrin, haem and sugar signals double cellular total RNA against herbicide and high-light-derived oxidative stress.   DOI:  10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02302.x ;  PMID:  21388419
• Plastid signalling under multiple conditions is accompanied by a common defect in RNA editing in plastids.   DOI:  10.1093/jxb/err257 ;  PMID:  21926093
• Sigma factor-mediated plastid retrograde signals control nuclear gene expression.   DOI:  10.1111/tpj.12011 ;  PMID:  22950756
• Pattern dynamics in adaxial-abaxial specific gene expression are modulated by a plastid retrograde signal during Arabidopsis thaliana leaf development.   DOI:  10.1371/journal.pgen.1003655 ;  PMID:  23935517
• The tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein slow green1 is required for chloroplast development in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1093/jxb/ert463 ;  PMID:  24420572
• A gain-of-function mutation of plastidic invertase alters nuclear gene expression with sucrose treatment partially via GENOMES UNCOUPLED1-mediated signaling.   DOI:  10.1111/nph.13309 ;  PMID:  25628228
• GUN1 Controls Accumulation of the Plastid Ribosomal Protein S1 at the Protein Level and Interacts with Proteins Involved in Plastid Protein Homeostasis.   DOI:  10.1104/pp.15.02033 ;  PMID:  26823545
• Plastid osmotic stress influences cell differentiation at the plant shoot apex.   DOI:  10.1242/dev.136234 ;  PMID:  27510974
• Transcriptional control of vitamin C defective 2 and tocopherol cyclase genes by light and plastid-derived signals: the partial involvement of GENOMES UNCOUPLED 1.   DOI:  10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.11.007 ;  PMID:  25575988
• The roles of tetrapyrroles in plastid retrograde signaling and tolerance to environmental stresses.   DOI:  10.1007/s00425-015-2384-3 ;  PMID:  26297452
• Interference with plastome gene expression and Clp protease activity in Arabidopsis triggers a chloroplast unfolded protein response to restore protein homeostasis.   DOI:  10.1371/journal.pgen.1007022 ;  PMID:  28937985
• A role of GUNs-Involved retrograde signaling in regulating Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.144 ;  PMID:  30292412
• Current understanding of GUN1: a key mediator involved in biogenic retrograde signaling.   DOI:  10.1007/s00299-019-02383-4 ;  PMID:  30671650
• Extensive Posttranscriptional Regulation of Nuclear Gene Expression by Plastid Retrograde Signals.   DOI:  10.1104/pp.19.00421 ;  PMID:  31138622
• GUN1 influences the accumulation of NEP-dependent transcripts and chloroplast protein import in Arabidopsis cotyledons upon perturbation of chloroplast protein homeostasis.   DOI:  10.1111/tpj.14585 ;  PMID:  31648387
• The retrograde signaling protein GUN1 regulates tetrapyrrole biosynthesis.   DOI:  10.1073/pnas.1911251116 ;  PMID:  31732672
• Functional analysis of mTERF5 and mTERF9 contribution to salt tolerance, plastid gene expression and retrograde signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana.   DOI:  10.1111/plb.13084 ;  PMID:  31850621
• The plastid transcription machinery and its coordination with the expression of nuclear genome: Plastid-Encoded Polymerase, Nuclear-Encoded Polymerase and the Genomes Uncoupled 1-mediated retrograde communication.   DOI:  10.1098/rstb.2019.0399 ;  PMID:  32362266
• Retrograde signalling in a virescent mutant triggers an anterograde delay of chloroplast biogenesis that requires GUN1 and is essential for survival.   DOI:  10.1098/rstb.2019.0400 ;  PMID:  32362263
• Identification of small non-coding RNAs responsive to GUN1 and GUN5 related retrograde signals in Arabidopsis thaliana.   DOI:  10.1111/tpj.14912 ;  PMID:  32639635
• At3g53630 encodes a GUN1-interacting protein under norflurazon treatment.   DOI:  10.1007/s00709-020-01578-x ;  PMID:  33108535
• RAB GTPASE HOMOLOG 8D is required for the maintenance of both the root stem cell niche and the meristem.   DOI:  10.1111/tpj.15106 ;  PMID:  33258210
• Deconvoluting apocarotenoid-mediated retrograde signaling networks regulating plastid translation and leaf development.   DOI:  10.1111/tpj.15134 ;  PMID:  33340183
• GENOMES UNCOUPLED1-independent retrograde signaling targets the ethylene pathway to repress photomorphogenesis.   DOI:  10.1093/plphys/kiaa015 ;  PMID:  33631804
• The PUB4 E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Is Responsible for the Variegated Phenotype Observed upon Alteration of Chloroplast Protein Homeostasis in Arabidopsis Cotyledons.   DOI:  10.3390/genes12091387 ;  PMID:  34573369
• GENOMES UNCOUPLED1 plays a key role during the de-etiolation process in Arabidopsis.   DOI:  10.1111/nph.18115 ;  PMID:  35322876
• GUN1 involvement in the redox changes occurring during biogenic retrograde signaling.   DOI:  10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111265 ;  PMID:  35643615
• Tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway regulates plastid-to-nucleus signaling by controlling plastid gene expression in plants.   DOI:  10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100411 ;  PMID:  35836377
• Chloroplast-localized GUN1 contributes to the acquisition of basal thermotolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana.   DOI:  10.3389/fpls.2022.1058831 ;  PMID:  36618674
• Regulation of alternative splicing by retrograde and light signals converges to control chloroplast proteins.   DOI:  10.3389/fpls.2023.1097127 ;  PMID:  36844062
• Hierarchical regulatory module GENOMES UNCOUPLED1-GOLDEN2-LIKE1/2-WRKY18/40 modulates salicylic acid signaling.   DOI:  10.1093/plphys/kiad251 ;  PMID:  37096689

Sequence: